classifying areas of masculinity

 

To expand upon the concepts introduced by Chafetz in 1978 concerning gender studies theory, particularly in classifying areas of masculinity, the following references offer a diverse range of perspectives and further developments in this field:

1. **Chafetz, J.S. (2006).** "The varieties of gender theory in sociology." In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_ (Springer). This work provides an overview of the evolution and variety of gender theories within sociology, including discussions on masculinity patterns. Chafetz also addresses the possibility of married women adopting what he terms the "masculine pattern" in competing with male counterparts in the workforce .

2. **Pitt, S.L., & Fox, C.A. (2012).** "Performative masculinity: A new theory on masculinity." In _Masculinity/Femininity: Re-framing a Fragmented Debate_ (Brill). This paper introduces the concept of "performative masculinity," building on Chafetz's theories to explore how masculinity is enacted and constructed in society .

3. **Chafetz, J.S. (2001).** "Theoretical understandings of gender: A third of a century of feminist thought in sociology." In _Handbook of Sociological Theory_ (Springer). Chafetz summarizes three decades of feminist sociological theory, including changing conceptions of gender roles and masculinity .

4. **Harrison, J.B. (1978).** "Men's roles and men's lives." _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_. This article questions the terminology around masculinity and femininity, referencing Chafetz's work and exploring the implications of gender role definitions .

5. **Chafetz, J.S. (1980).** "Theory development, nominal categories, and sex roles." _Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology_. Chafetz discusses the development of gender role theory, specifically addressing the constructs of masculinity and femininity .

6. **Alvesson, M. (1998).** "Gender relations and identity at work: A case study of masculinities and femininities in an advertising agency." _Human Relations_. This study examines gender dynamics within the workplace, illuminating forms of masculinity and femininity in a professional setting .

7. **Chafetz, J.S., & Fox, M.F. (2006).** "Gender, hierarchy, and science." In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_ (Springer). This chapter explores how gendered relations within the realm of science are hierarchical and often measured against masculine norms .

8. **Schrock, D., & Schwalbe, M. (2009).** "Men, masculinity, and manhood acts." _Annual Review of Sociology_. The authors discuss the construction of masculinity through "manhood acts" and the societal implications of such behaviors .

9. **Chafetz, J.S., & Epstein, C.F. (2006).** "Similarity and Difference: The Sociology of Gender Distinctions." In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_ (Springer). This work examines the boundaries that define male and female identities, challenging traditional assumptions about gender roles .

These references collectively offer a comprehensive exploration of gender theory's evolution, particularly in the context of masculinity studies, since Chafetz's initial work in 1978.

### In-Text Citations:

- Chafetz (2006) discusses the variety of gender theories in sociology, including the masculine pattern among married women in the workforce .

- Pitt and Fox (2012) introduce the concept of performative masculinity, expanding on Chafetz's theories .

- According to Chafetz (2001), feminist sociological theory has significantly evolved over three decades, impacting our understanding of masculinity .

### List of References:

1. Chafetz, J.S. (2006). The varieties of gender theory in sociology. In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_. Springer.

2. Pitt, S.L., & Fox, C.A. (2012). Performative masculinity: A new theory on masculinity. In _Masculinity/Femininity: Re-framing a Fragmented Debate_. Brill.

3. Chafetz, J.S. (2001). Theoretical understandings of gender: A third of a century of feminist thought in sociology. In _Handbook of Sociological Theory_. Springer.

4. Harrison, J.B. (1978). Men's roles and men's lives. _Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society_.

5. Chafetz, J.S. (1980). Theory development, nominal categories, and sex roles. _Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology_.

6. Alvesson, M. (1998). Gender relations and identity at work: A case study of masculinities and femininities in an advertising agency. _Human Relations_.

7. Chafetz, J.S., & Fox, M.F. (2006). Gender, hierarchy, and science. In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_. Springer.

8. Schrock, D., & Schwalbe, M. (2009). Men, masculinity, and manhood acts. _Annual Review of Sociology_.

9. Chafetz, J.S., & Epstein, C.F. (2006). Similarity and Difference: The Sociology of Gender Distinctions. In _Handbook of the Sociology of Gender_. Springer.

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