Hoffman and Poplack are two prominent linguists who have developed theories to analyze code switching and code mixing in language use. Here are the key differences between their theories:
### Hoffman's Theory
1. **Definition of Code Switching**: Hoffman defines code-switching as the alternate use of two languages or linguistic varieties within the same utterance or during the same conversation[3].
2. **Reasons for Code Switching**: Hoffman identifies several reasons for code-switching, including:
- **Vocabulary Limitation**: Using a different language to express a concept that lacks a direct equivalent in the primary language.
- **Prestige**: Using a language to convey prestige or social status.
- **Practicing English Mastery**: Using English to improve proficiency in the language[3].
3. **Types of Code Switching**: Hoffman does not explicitly categorize types of code switching, but his theory focuses on the general phenomenon of code switching and its various reasons.
### Poplack's Theory
1. **Definition of Code Switching**: Poplack defines code switching as the process of switching between two languages or linguistic varieties within a single conversation, often involving the use of different linguistic features such as grammar, vocabulary, and phonology[2].
2. **Types of Code Switching**: Poplack categorizes code switching into three types:
- **Inter-sentential Switching**: Switching between languages or varieties between sentences.
- **Intra-sentential Switching**: Switching within a sentence, often involving the use of different linguistic features.
- **Tag-Switching**: Switching between languages or varieties using a specific linguistic feature, such as a word or phrase[2].
3. **Reasons for Code Switching**: Poplack's theory does not specifically identify reasons for code switching, but it focuses on the structural and functional aspects of code switching in language use.
In summary, Hoffman's theory emphasizes the reasons and general phenomenon of code switching, while Poplack's theory focuses on the structural and functional aspects of code switching, categorizing it into different types.
Citations:
[1] https://repository.iainpare.ac.id/id/eprint/4309/1/16.1300.049.pdf
[2] http://repository.upbatam.ac.id/1431/1/cover%20s.d%20bab%20III.pdf
[3] https://ejurnal.teknokrat.ac.id/index.php/teknosastik/article/download/128/98
[4] https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/languange/article/download/43601/27583
[5] https://eprints.unmas.ac.id/id/eprint/3605/2/R.263%20FBA-ING%20BAB%20I-II.pdf
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