appraisal SFL attitude, graduation and engagement



The purpose of appraisal theory is to provide a framework for analyzing and understanding how language is used to express evaluative meaning and attitudes towards people, events, and things. Appraisal theory, which is part of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), identifies the linguistic resources that speakers and writers use to evaluate and respond to the world around them and explores how these evaluations and responses are shaped by social, cultural, and ideological factors.

Appraisal theory is based on the idea that language is not just a means of conveying information but also a way of expressing affective and evaluative meaning. It proposes that speakers and writers use a range of linguistic resources, including mood, modality, and evaluation, to express their attitudes towards the content of their discourse, as well as towards the audience they are addressing. By analyzing these resources, appraisal theory can reveal the speaker or writer's stance towards the content of the discourse, their degree of certainty or uncertainty, and their empathy or distance from the subject matter.

The purpose of appraisal theory is to provide a systematic and comprehensive account of how language is used to express evaluations and attitudes. By analyzing the linguistic resources that speakers and writers use to express their evaluations and attitudes, appraisal theory can help to shed light on the underlying meanings and values that shape our communicative practices, and can help us to identify the ways in which language can be used to achieve various social and communicative goals. Ultimately, the goal of appraisal theory is to enhance our understanding of how language functions in social interaction and how we use language to express our attitudes and evaluations of the world around us.


Appraisal, SFL attitude, graduation, and engagement are all linguistic concepts that can be used to analyze news texts.

Appraisal refers to how language is used to express evaluations, opinions, and attitudes toward people, events, and things. This can include explicit expressions of assessment, such as "I think this is good," and more implicit expressions, such as certain adjectives or adverbs that convey positive or negative associations. In news texts, an appraisal can be used to express the journalist's evaluation of the events or people being reported on and signal to the reader what attitudes they should adopt towards those events or people.

SFL attitude refers to how language is used to convey a speaker or writer's stance towards the text's content and the audience they are addressing. This can include expressions of certainty or uncertainty, such as signals of the speaker's empathy or distance from the subject matter. In news texts, the SFL attitude can be used to convey the journalist's perspective on the events being reported and to signal to the reader what role they should take in relation to those events.

Graduation refers to how language is used to express different levels of intensity, for example, by using comparatives or superlatives to express greater or lesser degrees of a certain quality. In news texts, graduation can be used to convey the journalist's evaluation of the significance of events or people being reported on, and to signal to the reader what aspects of the story are most important or salient.

Engagement refers to the way language is used to draw the reader into the text, for example, by using rhetorical questions or addressing the reader directly. In news texts, engagement can be used to create a sense of involvement or urgency around the events being reported, and to encourage the reader to take an active interest in the story.

Overall, the use of these linguistic concepts in news texts can help to shape the reader's understanding of the events being reported, as well as to create a sense of narrative and urgency around those events.


Attitude, graduation, and engagement are commonly used in news texts to shape the reader's understanding of events, create a sense of narrative and urgency, and to influence the reader's attitudes toward the events being reported. Here are some specific examples of how each of these concepts is used in news texts:

Attitude: Using evaluative language to express opinions and attitudes towards people, events, or things. For example, using positive adjectives to describe a heroic act, or negative adjectives to describe an act of violence.
Using rhetorical devices such as sarcasm, irony, or understatement to convey an attitude towards the events being reported.
Quoting sources with different attitudes to provide a balanced perspective on the events.

Graduation: Using comparative and superlative forms to convey the importance or significance of events. For example, describing a disaster as the "worst in history" or a politician's victory as a "landslide."
Using intensifying adverbs and adjectives to create a sense of urgency or importance around events.
Using a chronological order of events to show a gradual escalation of a situation.

Engagement: Addressing the reader directly, for example, by using rhetorical questions or using the second person pronoun "you".
Using vivid and descriptive language to draw the reader in and create a sense of atmosphere or drama.
Using storytelling techniques, such as setting up a conflict or protagonist, to create a sense of narrative and engagement.

Overall, the use of attitude, graduation, and engagement in news texts can greatly impact how readers perceive and respond to the events being reported. By carefully crafting the language used in news texts, journalists can influence public opinion, highlight certain aspects of a story, and create a sense of urgency around important events.


what is the relationship between graduation and attitude in news text

PERPLEXITY
Graduation is a sub-system of Appraisal theory that adjusts the attitude and the intensity of intervention, focusing on the typicality of the evaluation1. In news texts, graduation is the most significant approach to realize the implicit evaluation in the text, and the scaling semantic meaning may flag the evaluation2. Graduation is used to convey the intensity of the author's evaluation of the subject matter, ranging from mild to strong3. The relationship between graduation and attitude in news texts is that graduation adjusts the intensity of the author's evaluation of the subject matter, while attitude refers to the author's evaluation of the subject matter1. Therefore, graduation and attitude are interrelated in news texts as graduation adjusts the intensity of the author's evaluation of the subject matter, which is conveyed through attitude.


1

academypublication

2

slideshare

3

languageofevaluation


explain appraisal SFL attitude, graduation and engagement on news text

PERPLEXITY
Appraisal theory is a linguistic framework that analyzes language use in terms of three sub-systems: attitude, engagement, and graduation12345. Attitude refers to the speaker's evaluation of the subject matter, while engagement refers to the speaker's involvement with the audience and the text. Graduation refers to the intensity of the evaluation, ranging from mild to strong. These sub-systems can be applied to news texts to analyze the author's evaluation of the subject matter, their level of involvement with the audience, and the intensity of their evaluation.


1

grammatics

2

researchgate

3

wordpress

4

atlantis-press

5

core




Graduation and attitude are closely related in news texts, as graduation is one way that journalists use language to convey their attitudes towards the events being reported. Graduation refers to the way language is used to express different levels of intensity, for example, by using comparatives or superlatives to express greater or lesser degrees of a particular quality. Attitude, on the other hand, refers to the way language is used to express evaluations, opinions, and attitudes towards people, events, and things.

In news texts, graduation is often used to express the journalist's attitude towards the events being reported. For example, a journalist might use superlatives such as "the worst" or "the most significant" to describe a particular event or situation, indicating a negative or positive attitude towards it. By using these kinds of graduation, journalists can signal to the reader what aspects of the story are most important or salient, and shape the reader's understanding of the events being reported.

At the same time, attitude can also be expressed through other linguistic devices, such as evaluative language, rhetorical devices, and tone of voice. By combining graduation with other elements of attitude, such as evaluative language or rhetorical devices, journalists can create a nuanced and complex portrayal of the events being reported, and influence the reader's attitudes towards those events in a variety of ways.

Overall, the relationship between graduation and attitude in news texts is an important one, as the use of graduation can help to reinforce or amplify the journalist's attitude towards the events being reported, and shape the reader's understanding of the story in significant ways.

RELATED
how are attitude, graduation, and engagement used in news text

what is the purpose of appraisal theory


PERPLEXITY
The purpose of appraisal theory is to analyze language use in terms of the ways that writers or speakers express approval or disapproval for things, people, behavior, or ideas1. Appraisal theory is a linguistic framework that allows for the analysis of evaluative meanings in language2. The framework is used to develop a deeper understanding of language evaluation and to analyze the ways in which language users build relationships with their interlocutors by expressing their positions1. The implementation of appraisal theory in teaching English enables students to analyze language dealing with evaluation and to develop a deeper understanding of language evaluation3. The appraisal framework is generally used to study the meaning negotiation among speakers, using every utterance to align or misalign with others4.


1

wikipedia

2

prrwhite

3

ssrn

4

researchgate




The purpose of appraisal theory is to provide a framework for understanding how language is used to express evaluations, opinions, and attitudes towards people, events, and things. Developed within the field of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), appraisal theory aims to identify the linguistic resources that speakers and writers use to evaluate and respond to the world around them, and to explore how these evaluations and responses are shaped by social, cultural, and ideological factors.

Appraisal theory is based on the premise that language is not just a means of transmitting information, but is also a way of expressing affective and evaluative meaning. It proposes that speakers and writers use a range of linguistic resources, including mood, modality, and evaluation, to express their attitudes towards the content of their discourse, as well as towards the audience they are addressing. By analyzing these resources, appraisal theory can reveal the speaker or writer's stance towards the content of the discourse, their degree of certainty or uncertainty, and their empathy or distance from the subject matter.

The purpose of appraisal theory is to provide a comprehensive and systematic account of how language is used to express evaluations and attitudes, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of how language functions in social interaction. By examining the linguistic resources that speakers and writers use to express their evaluations and attitudes, appraisal theory can shed light on the underlying meanings and values that shape our communicative practices, and can help us to identify the ways in which language can be used to achieve various social and communicative goals.




how does appraisal theory relate to political news text

how does appraisal theory relate to political news text

PERPLEXITY
Appraisal theory is applied to political news texts to analyze the author's evaluation of the subject matter, their level of involvement with the audience, and the intensity of their evaluation12. The theory is concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement, which are used to analyze the evaluative properties of the text3. In political news texts, appraisal theory is used to analyze the author's attitudes towards political events, policies, and figures, as well as their level of engagement with the audience and the text1. The theory is also used to analyze the intensity of the author's evaluation of the subject matter, which can be conveyed through the use of negative lexical items that make the commentaries more intense and emotional for readers because of the news value of negativity, which focuses on political conflict4. Sentiment analysis of political news texts using appraisal theory can be done manually or automatically5.

Appraisal theory is particularly relevant to the analysis of political news text, as it provides a framework for understanding how language is used to express evaluations and attitudes towards political actors, events, and issues. Political news text is often characterized by the expression of strong and polarized attitudes, as journalists and other commentators seek to influence public opinion and shape the political agenda.

Appraisal theory can help to reveal the underlying evaluations and attitudes that are expressed in political news text, and can help to shed light on the communicative strategies that are used to persuade, convince, or manipulate readers. For example, through the analysis of mood and modality, appraisal theory can reveal the level of certainty or doubt that is expressed in political news text, and can help to identify the sources of authority or expertise that are invoked to support particular positions.

Appraisal theory can also help to identify the social and ideological factors that shape the evaluations and attitudes that are expressed in political news text. For example, by examining the use of evaluative language, appraisal theory can reveal the underlying values and beliefs that shape the attitudes of political commentators, and can help to identify the ways in which these attitudes are influenced by factors such as political ideology, social class, or cultural background.

Overall, appraisal theory provides a powerful tool for the analysis of political news text, enabling researchers to uncover the underlying evaluations and attitudes that shape our understanding of politics and society, and to identify the ways in which language is used to influence and shape public opinion.



how are attitude, graduation, and engagement used in news text
Perplexity AI
Attitude, graduation, and engagement are used in news texts to convey the author's evaluation of the subject matter, their level of involvement with the audience, and the intensity of their evaluation12. Attitude refers to the author's evaluation of the subject matter, while engagement refers to the author's involvement with the audience and the text. Graduation refers to the intensity of the evaluation, ranging from mild to strong. News texts directly or indirectly convey the author's attitudes or thoughts with the implicit appraisal resources1. The APPRAISAL framework, which is based on the notion of stance, allows linguistic analysis of a text from the perspective of the evaluative properties of this text3.


1

slideshare

2

clausiuspress

3

wordpress




Perplexity AI

One example of an appraisal SFL analysis on political news text in Indonesia can be on the news coverage of the 2019 presidential election, where incumbent President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) faced a challenge from former Army General Prabowo Subianto. The following is a brief example of how appraisal analysis can be applied to political news text in Indonesia:

Attitude: In political news text, the use of evaluative language can reveal the writer's stance towards political actors and events. For example, in an article covering the 2019 presidential election, the writer might express support or opposition towards one of the candidates, or towards a particular policy or issue. An appraisal analysis might reveal that the writer is using language to create a positive or negative attitude towards a particular person or event, for example, by using positive evaluative language to describe Jokowi's achievements in office or negative evaluative language to criticize Prabowo's past record.

Graduation: The use of graduation in political news text can reveal the strength of the writer's evaluation or attitude towards a particular person or event. Graduation involves the use of adverbs or adjectives to indicate the degree or intensity of a particular evaluation or attitude. For example, in a news article, the writer might use the adjective "remarkable" to describe a particular achievement by Jokowi or use the adverb "sharply" to describe the writer's criticism of a particular policy or decision.

Engagement: The use of engagement in political news text can reveal the degree to which the writer is making a direct or indirect evaluation of a particular person or event. Engagement involves the use of personal pronouns or other linguistic devices to indicate the degree of involvement or engagement of the writer with the subject matter. For example, in an article covering the 2019 presidential election, the writer might use personal pronouns like "we" or "our" to indicate that they are part of a particular group that has a direct interest in the outcome of the election.

Appraisal analysis can help to reveal the underlying evaluations and attitudes that are expressed in political news text, and can help to shed light on the communicative strategies that are used to influence readers' perceptions and interpretations of political events. In Indonesia, appraisal analysis can be particularly useful for understanding the ways in which political news text is used to shape public opinion and influence the outcome of elections.


RELATED
how are attitude, graduation, and engagement used in news text analysis

what is the relationship between graduation and attitude in news text

how do news writers use engagement in their writing

what is the limit of appraisal SFL analysis on political news text

PERPLEXITY
The limit of appraisal SFL analysis on political news text is that it only provides a linguistic framework for analyzing the author's evaluation of the subject matter, their level of involvement with the audience, and the intensity of their evaluation12. While this framework can be useful in analyzing the evaluative properties of the text, it does not provide a complete analysis of the political context in which the text is situated3. Political news texts are often complex and multifaceted, and their meaning is shaped by a range of social, cultural, and historical factors that cannot be fully captured by a linguistic analysis alone3. Therefore, while appraisal SFL analysis can provide valuable insights into the evaluative properties of political news texts, it should be used in conjunction with other analytical approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the text and its political context3.

While appraisal theory within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) provides a useful framework for analyzing political news text, there are also limitations to its application.

One limitation is that appraisal analysis is based on the assumption that there is a clear distinction between the linguistic resources used to express affective and evaluative meanings and those used to express factual information. However, in political news text, the boundary between factual information and evaluation is often blurred, and it can be difficult to determine the extent to which evaluative language is used to influence readers' interpretations of events.

Another limitation is that appraisal analysis can be subjective, as it involves interpreting the meanings and values that are expressed through language. Different analysts may interpret the same text differently, depending on their own backgrounds, beliefs, and values.

Moreover, appraisal analysis may not provide a complete picture of the communicative strategies that are used in political news text. For example, it may not capture the non-linguistic cues, such as images, videos, or sound effects, that are also used to shape readers' attitudes and emotions.

Additionally, appraisal analysis may not fully capture the complex and dynamic nature of political discourse, which is influenced by a wide range of factors, such as the political context, the audience, and the media organization that is producing the news text.

Despite these limitations, appraisal analysis remains a valuable tool for analyzing political news text, as it provides a systematic and structured approach for understanding the evaluative and affective meanings that are expressed through language, and for identifying the communicative strategies that are used to influence readers' interpretations of political events.

Tulisan Pak Faizal 2016-2024

 


Tulisan Tahun 2016

Risdianto, F. (2016). Discourse Analysis of a Song Lyric Entitled "We Will Not Go Down”. Register Journal, 9(1), 90-105. doi:https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v9i1.90-105

REGISTER JOURNAL  June 2016

https://journalregister.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/register/article/view/524

Tulisan Tahun 2017

Risdianto, F. (2017). A Phonological Analysis on the English Consonants of Sundanese EFL Speakers

Faizal Risdianto.ARBITRER 4(1) (2017).   JURNAL ARBITRER JUNE 2017  http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id/index.php/arbitrer/article/view/77

Tulisan Tahun 2018

The Representation of Power in the Text News on the Meiliana Case (A Norman Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis) by Faizal Risdianto, Sumarlam Sumarlam, Noor Malihah

Available Online November 2018. Proceedings of the International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature, and Local Cultural Studies (BASA 2018)

https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/basa-18/25906091

Tulisan Tahun 2019

Risdianto, F., Malihah, N., & Guritno, A. (2019). The problem of Presupposition in George Orwell’s Novella Animal Farm. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 1(1), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v1i1.1-12    JOPR June 2019

https://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/view/2413

Gunawan, F., Thahara, Y., & Risdianto, F. (2019). Trick of Political Identity: Analysing Appraisal System on 212 Movement Reunion in Online Media. Register Journal, 12(1), 62-80. doi:https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v12i1.62-80. REGISTER JUNE 2019

https://journalregister.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/register/article/view/2455

Video as Educational Multimedia to Teach English Speaking by Novia Fajar Masyitoh1, Noor Malihah1, Faizal Risdianto1 and Agung Guritno1. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1339, International Conference Computer Science and Engineering (IC2SE) 26–27 April 2019, Padang, Indonesia.

Citation Novia Fajar Masyitoh et al 2019 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1339 012118

DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012118

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1339/1/012118/meta

The use of drama to develop English speaking autonomous learning  by Faizal Risdianto, Sari Famularsih, Setia Rini, Ahmad Mifdlol Muthohar. Year: 2019. The use of drama to develop English speaking autonomous learning. SEWORD FRESSH- EAI

DOI: 10.4108/eai.27-4-2019.2286844. Proceedings of the 1st Seminar and Workshop on Research Design, for Education, Social Science, Arts, and Humanities, SEWORD FRESSH 2019, April 27 2019, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia

https://eudl.eu/doi/10.4108/eai.27-4-2019.2286844

Risdianto, F., Sumarlam, S., & Santosa, R. (2019). Representation of Power in the News Text of the Inclusion of Indigenous Faiths on ID Card (e-KTP). NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 10(2), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.15642/NOBEL.2019.10.2.131-148

http://jurnalfahum.uinsby.ac.id/index.php/nobel/article/view/205

Tulisan Tahun 2020

Risdianto, Faizal. (2020). The Development of Islamic English Register in Pawening Madrassa. International Journal of English Linguistics, Literature, and Education (IJELLE). 2. 10.32585/.v2i1.618.

http://journal.univetbantara.ac.id/index.php/ijelle/article/view/618

DIGITAL NATIVES PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN LEARNING ENGLISH by Arti Novia Tiara Kristy, Noor Malihah, Faizal Risdianto, Supardi Supardi, JURNAL LEKSIKA UMP PURWOKERTO FEBRUARI 2022

https://jurnalnasional.ump.ac.id/index.php/LEKSIKA/issue/view/625

Tulisan Tahun 2022

Yudhanto, S., & Risdianto, F. (2022). The pragmatics and Semiotics Analysis of Vinyl Record Cover Art They Fell From The Sky's Album DECADE. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 4(2), 167-178. doi:https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v4i2.167-178

https://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/view/7784

PENGUATAN MODERASI BERAGAMA DAN TOLERANSI MELALUI ‘QUOTES’ DI KAMPUNG MRICAN, GENDONGAN, TINGKIR, SALATIGA  by Faizal Risdianto, Imam Mas Arum. BUBUNGAN TINGGI: JURNAL PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT

https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journals/index.php/btj/article/view/5152

Norwanto, N., & Risdianto, F. (2022). The Norm Establishment in WhatsApp Group Conversations. Journal of Language and Literature, 22(2), 504-517. doi:https://doi.org/10.24071/joll.v22i2.4810

SEPTEMBER 2022 JOLL

https://e-journal.usd.ac.id/index.php/JOLL/article/view/4810

Risdianto, F., Sumarlam, S., Wiratno, T., & Djatmika, D. (2022). Attitudinal Analysis of Kompas Online & Republika Concerning The Relocation of Indonesia's Capital City News. International Journal of Science and Applied Science: Conference Series, 6(1), 195-209. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ijsascs.v6i1.70142

https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ijsascs/article/view/70142

Risdianto, F., Machfudz, M., Sagimin, E. M., Hanafi, H., & Jumanto, J. (2023). Politeness and Impoliteness Strategies in Lecturer-Student Communication Within Cyberpragmatic Chats. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 5(1), 107–134. Retrieved from https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/view/95

Hambali, A. J., Risdianto, F., & Rahma, S. S. (2024).   Rethinking on Expressive Speech Act Realization in The Comments Section on YouTube ChannelJournal of Pragmatics Research6(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v6i1.52-73


Risdianto, F., Sumarlam, S., Djatmika, D., & Wiratno, T. (2024). Appraisal and Ideology Realization in Indonesia State Capital Relocation News Texts. International Journal of Society, Culture & Language12(2), 74-88. doi: 10.22034/ijscl.2024.2022445.3381  Appraisal and Ideology Realization in Indonesia State Capital Relocation News Texts (ijscl.com)

Risdianto, F., Nugroho, H., Sunardi, S., & Arkida, T. (2024). Realization of Appraisal and Ideology in Ferdy Sambo Case in Editorial Text of "Kasus Sambo Isih Dawa" and "Ganjaran Murwat Tumrap Kejujuran" in Panjebar Semangat Magazine. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics9(1), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.21462/ijefl.v9i1.762



 

 

Dosen Indonesia: Multiverse of Madness

 


Politeness and Impoliteness Strategies in Lecturer-Student Communication Within Cyberpragmatics Chats

Faizal Risdianto, Universitas Islam Negeri Salatiga

Machfudz Machfudz, Universitas Islam Negeri Salatiga

Eka Margianti Sagimin, Universitas Pamulang

Hanafi Hanafi, Universitas Andalas

Jumanto Jumanto, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract

This qualitative research on Cyberpragmatics attempts to explore the application of politeness and impoliteness principles in student-lecturer internet-mediated communication in English and Indonesian languages at two faculties of Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Salatiga. The native speakers' perceptions of those strategies and principles as applied in the online chatroom were also elicited to confirm the descriptive analysis of the utterances. Pragmatic data were taken, categorized, and selected from Whatsapp conversation and email correspondence screenshots between lecturers and students in eight (8) online English Language classes and six (6) classes on Ushul Fiqh subjects at Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Salatiga. Additionally, as demonstrated in the screenshots, an online questionnaire was used to elicit data on students' and lecturers' perspectives on the cyberpragmatic activities. The descriptive analysis shows that the students considered the principles of politeness as a prominent aspect for their communicative actions and managed to appropriately applied it in their cyberpragmatic activities. Additional pragmatic features of religious expressions were also used to amplify the politeness effect. Nevertheless, there were some cases where impoliteness principles were used by the students, regardless of their awareness of their pragmatic consequences. The acceptability judgement questionnaire confirmed the level of politeness and impoliteness strategies previously described. Consequently, future research may benefit from this study by exploring other aspects of cyberpragmatics such as ethnicity, gender, and other socio-political aspects, from interdisciplinary perspectives.

Keywords: (im)politeness, student-lecturer communication, computer-mediated communication, Cyberpragmatics, chats

Source: https://ejournal.uinsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/jopr/article/view/95

4 types of Trianggulation in Qualitative Research



Data triangulation refers to using a validation test process from qualitative data (Interviews, Observations, FGDs). Triangulation refers to using several methods or data sources in qualitative research to comprehensively understand a phenomenon (Patton, 1999). Triangulation is also a qualitative research strategy to test validity by converging information from various sources. Denzin (1978) and Patton (1999) identified four types of triangulation: (a) method triangulation, (b) inter-researcher triangulation, (c) theory triangulation, and (d) data source triangulation. This article will present the four types of triangulation, followed by a discussion of using focus groups (FGs) and in-depth individual interviews (IDI) as examples of triangulation of data sources in qualitative research.

How is Triangulation Practiced in Research?

Triangulation is commonly used in qualitative research and applied in quantitative research. If your research uses mixed methods, you will always use methodological triangulation.

Example: Triangulation in various types of research

• Qualitative research: You conduct in-depth interviews with various stakeholder groups, such as parents, teachers, and children.

• Quantitative research: You run an eye-tracking experiment and involve three researchers in analyzing the data.

• Mixed methods research: You conduct a quantitative survey, followed by some structured (qualitative) interviews.

Types of Triangulation in Research

There are four types of triangulation:

•Data triangulation: Using data from different times, spaces, and people

Triangulation techniques between researchers: Involve many researchers in collecting or analyzing data

•Theory triangulation techniques: Use multiple theoretical perspectives in your research

Methodological triangulation: Using different methodologies to approach the same topic

Example: Collaborative research. You research what makes people behave cooperatively vs. selfishly. You want to understand what motivates people to work with others in a team environment.

Methodological triangulation

When using qualitative triangulation methods, you use different methods to answer the same research question. This triangulation is the most common type, and researchers often combine qualitative and quantitative research methods in a single study.

Data triangulation

In data triangulation, you use multiple data sources to answer your research question. You can vary data collection across different times, spaces, or people.

Triangulation between researchers

Using the researcher triangulation technique, you involve multiple observers or researchers to collect, process, or analyze data separately.

Theory triangulation

Theory triangulation means applying several different theoretical frameworks in your research instead of approaching the research question from only one theoretical perspective.

SOURCE: Triangulasi Data, Contoh, Penjelasan dan Prakteknya Pada Riset - Ascarya Solution

TUTORIAL GRAMMARLY FOR MS WORD

 Dear Students and Netizens


for checking and correcting grammar and paraphrasing of theses and articles for online scientific journals

Please download the free add on from Grammarly to MS Word on your laptop: https://www.grammarly.com/office-addin

and here is a video tutorial on how to download, install and use this cool application: https://youtu.be/unMc-W-Mkvo


aspect of perception according to Woodworth and Marquis



 Woodworth and Marquis were psychologists who proposed a theory of perception that emphasized the active role of the perceiver in shaping their perception of the world. According to their theory, perception is influenced by three main aspects: stimulus, attention, and context.

The stimulus refers to the physical energy that impinges on the senses, such as light waves for vision or sound waves for hearing. However, Woodworth and Marquis argued that the physical stimulus alone is not enough to determine perception. Instead, they suggested that attention and context also play important roles.

Attention refers to the process of selectively focusing on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring others. For example, if you are in a crowded room, you might focus your attention on one person's voice while tuning out other conversations. Woodworth and Marquis argued that attention can influence perception by directing the perceiver's focus to certain features of the environment.

Context refers to the broader situation in which perception occurs. For example, the same object may be perceived differently depending on the context in which it is presented. If you see a cup on a table, you might perceive it as a drinking cup, but if you see the same cup on a shelf in a store, you might perceive it as a decorative item. Woodworth and Marquis argued that context can influence perception by providing additional information about the meaning or function of a stimulus.

Overall, Woodworth and Marquis emphasized that perception is an active process in which the perceiver plays an important role in shaping their perception of the world. Their theory highlights the complex interplay between the physical stimulus, attention, and context in shaping perception.

kelemahan penelitian pre eksperimental

 


Penelitian pre-eksperimental adalah jenis penelitian di mana peneliti tidak memilih kelompok kontrol atau kelompok perbandingan untuk dibandingkan dengan kelompok eksperimen. Beberapa kelemahan penelitian pre-eksperimental adalah:

  1. Kurangnya kelompok kontrol: Karena tidak adanya kelompok kontrol, penelitian pre-eksperimental memiliki kelemahan dalam mengukur pengaruh variabel bebas secara tepat. Oleh karena itu, hasil dari penelitian pre-eksperimental cenderung tidak dapat diandalkan secara statistik.

  2. Tidak ada acak kelompok: Dalam penelitian pre-eksperimental, kelompok subjek biasanya dipilih berdasarkan kemudahan dan ketersediaan mereka. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan subjek yang dipilih tidak mewakili populasi secara keseluruhan dan menghasilkan bias dalam penelitian.

  3. Tidak dapat mengukur perubahan: Karena penelitian pre-eksperimental hanya mengukur kelompok subjek pada satu titik waktu sebelum dan sesudah intervensi, penelitian ini tidak dapat mengukur perubahan dalam jangka waktu yang lebih lama.

  4. Tidak dapat membandingkan hasil: Tanpa kelompok kontrol atau kelompok perbandingan, penelitian pre-eksperimental tidak dapat membandingkan hasil intervensi dengan hasil yang mungkin terjadi jika tidak ada intervensi.

  5. Tidak mempertimbangkan faktor eksternal: Dalam penelitian pre-eksperimental, faktor eksternal seperti faktor lingkungan atau situasional yang dapat mempengaruhi hasil penelitian tidak dapat dikontrol atau diukur secara tepat. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan hasil penelitian yang tidak akurat atau tidak valid.

Namun, meskipun memiliki kelemahan, penelitian pre-eksperimental masih dapat memberikan informasi awal tentang efektivitas intervensi yang diteliti dan dapat memberikan dasar untuk penelitian lebih lanjut dengan desain penelitian yang lebih kuat.


surat An-Nahl ayat 68-69: Perumpamaan seorang Mukmin itu seperti Lebah

 


Perumpamaan seorang mukmin sebagai lebah adalah sebuah perumpamaan yang sering diambil dari Al-Quran, dalam surat An-Nahl ayat 68-69:



"Dan Tuhanmu mewahyukan kepada lebah: "Buatlah sarang di bukit-bukit, di pohon-pohon kayu, dan tempat-tempat yang dibuat manusia. Kemudian makanlah dari tiap-tiap (macam) buah-buahan dan tempuhlah jalan Tuhanmu yang telah dimudahkan (bagimu)." Dari perut lebah itu keluar minuman (madu) yang bermacam-macam warnanya, di dalamnya terdapat obat yang menyembuhkan bagi manusia. Sesungguhnya pada yang demikian itu benar-benar terdapat tanda (kebesaran Allah) bagi orang-orang yang memikirkan."

Dalam perumpamaan ini, lebah diibaratkan sebagai seorang mukmin yang setia dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugasnya untuk mengumpulkan nektar dari bunga-bunga dan membuat madu. Lebah juga diibaratkan sebagai orang yang bertanggung jawab, selalu bekerja keras dan memanfaatkan segala sumber daya yang tersedia untuk mencapai tujuan mereka.

Lebah juga diibaratkan sebagai orang yang berkontribusi pada kehidupan manusia dengan memproduksi madu yang mengandung berbagai macam nutrisi dan obat-obatan alami. Begitu juga seorang mukmin, harus berkontribusi pada masyarakat dengan memberikan manfaat dan menjadi teladan yang baik bagi orang lain.

Dengan perumpamaan ini, Allah SWT mengajarkan kepada kita untuk selalu bekerja keras, bertanggung jawab, dan memberikan manfaat bagi orang lain.


Perumpamaan seorang mukmin sebagai lebah yang memakan yang baik, keluar darinya yang baik, dan tidak merusak lingkungan sekitarnya memang sangat tepat. Seperti yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya, lebah adalah makhluk yang selalu bekerja keras dan memanfaatkan sumber daya yang tersedia untuk mencapai tujuan mereka.

Dalam hal makanan, lebah hanya memilih nektar bunga yang berkualitas tinggi dan mengandung banyak nutrisi, sehingga madu yang dihasilkan memiliki kualitas yang baik dan bermanfaat bagi manusia. Begitu juga dengan seorang mukmin, ia harus memilih makanan yang baik dan halal, serta memperhatikan kualitas makanannya agar tubuhnya sehat dan kuat untuk beribadah.

Selain itu, lebah juga sangat teliti dalam membuat sarang dan memproduksi madu, sehingga madu yang dihasilkan tidak hanya bermanfaat bagi manusia, tetapi juga tidak merusak lingkungan sekitarnya. Seorang mukmin juga harus menjadi orang yang teliti dan bertanggung jawab dalam melakukan segala sesuatu, sehingga tidak merusak atau merugikan orang lain.

Dalam Islam, dijelaskan bahwa seorang mukmin harus selalu berusaha untuk memperbaiki diri dan lingkungannya, serta memberikan manfaat bagi sesama manusia dan makhluk hidup lainnya. Dengan perumpamaan ini, Allah SWT mengajarkan kepada kita untuk menjadi orang yang baik dan bermanfaat bagi lingkungan sekitar, seperti lebah yang bekerja keras dan menghasilkan manfaat yang banyak bagi manusia.

erumpamaan ini berasal dari analogi yang ditemukan dalam Al-Quran, surat An-Nahl ayat 68-69, yang telah dijelaskan sebelumnya.

Namun, terdapat hadits yang berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam perumpamaan tersebut. Sebagai contoh, hadits yang diriwayatkan oleh Imam Bukhari dan Imam Muslim, dari Abdullah bin Umar ra., bahwa Rasulullah SAW bersabda:

"Seorang muslim adalah saudara bagi muslim yang lain, dan tidaklah boleh ia menzalimi saudaranya, mengecewakannya, atau meninggalkannya dalam keadaan terdesak. Siapa yang membantu saudaranya dalam keadaan terdesak, maka Allah akan membantunya dalam keadaan terdesak. Siapa yang meringankan beban orang yang ditimpanya, maka Allah akan meringankan beban baginya pada hari kiamat. Siapa yang menutupi kekurangan seorang muslim, maka Allah akan menutupi kekurangannya di dunia dan akhirat." (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim)

Hadits ini menegaskan pentingnya saling membantu dan menolong di antara umat muslim, serta menjadi teladan yang baik bagi orang lain. Hal ini sejalan dengan nilai-nilai yang terkandung dalam perumpamaan seorang mukmin sebagai lebah yang selalu bekerja keras dan memberikan manfaat bagi lingkungan sekitarnya.

source: Mukmin seperti Lebah. (openai.com)


THE COMPANION: Ka’b bin Zuhair - A Poet of Arab Jahiliyyah Embrac...

THE COMPANION: Ka’b bin Zuhair - A Poet of Arab Jahiliyyah Embrac...: Ka’b bin Zuhair bin Abi Sulma. Ka‘b ibn Zuhair (Arabic: كعب بن زهير‎) was an Arabian poet of the 7th century, and a contemporary of Rasu...

ANALISIS APPRAISAL TEKS EDITORIAL PANGUDARASA DALAM MAJALAH PANJEBAR SEMANGAT


 

This article explores Pangudarasa’s editorial texts in the Panjebar Semangat magazine by using a systemic theory of functional linguistics particularly an appraisal analysis of texts. The objectives of this research are (1) to identify the appraisal tools in Pangudarasa’s editorial texts in a Javanese magazine called Panjebar Semangat, and (2) to describe the perceptions of Pangudarasa’s editorial text writers in the Panjebar Semangat magazine. This descriptive qualitative research used a qualitative method along with a content analysis platform. The data pertaining to words, phrases, clauses, and sentences coincided with appraisal tools. The data source was derived from the Panjebar Semangat magazine, which was published on December 21, 2019 entitled Kasus Garuda, Wanci Kang Pas Kanggo Ngresiki BUMN. The data analysis used a method of referential matching tools to determine a phenomenon beyond the language. The results of data analysis show that (1) appraisal tools in the editorial texts of Pangudarasa in the Panjebar Semangat magazine dominantly present appreciation (42.55%), judgment (36.17%) and affect (21.28%), and (2) the pattern of writers' perceptions to support the Minister Erick Thohir's decision in handling the Garuda Airlines case. This support is reinforced by the use of language functions to influence others by assessing a case directly and authors of editorial texts have a tendency to tell sensitive things or issues mainly concerned with events in the community.

logic of discourse in systemic functional linguistics

CHAT GPT, tell me logic of discourse in systemic functional linguistics



In systemic functional linguistics (SFL), discourse is defined as language above the sentence level, which includes text and context. SFL views discourse as a social practice, where language is used to achieve communicative purposes in particular social contexts.

The logic of discourse in SFL is based on the notion of genre and register. Genre refers to the structured patterns of language use that are associated with specific social activities, such as academic research articles, news reports, or personal letters. Register, on the other hand, refers to the linguistic choices that are made by speakers or writers to create a particular social identity and to achieve specific communicative purposes within a particular genre.

According to SFL, discourse is structured at three levels: text, discourse semantics, and social context.

At the text level, SFL describes how the linguistic choices made by speakers or writers create a coherent and cohesive text that can be understood by the reader or listener. The text level includes the analysis of grammatical structure, such as the use of verbs, nouns, and prepositions, and how they contribute to the meaning of the text.

At the discourse semantic level, SFL analyzes how the text relates to the broader social context in which it is produced. This includes the analysis of the relationships between different parts of the text, such as how one sentence or clause relates to another, and how they contribute to the overall meaning of the text.

At the social context level, SFL describes how the text is situated within a particular social context, such as the culture, ideology, and power relations that influence language use. This level includes the analysis of the social purpose of the text and the social roles of the participants in the discourse.

Overall, the logic of discourse in SFL emphasizes the social nature of language use and how linguistic choices are shaped by social context and communicative purposes.



tell me logic of discourse in systemic functional linguistics



PERPLEXITY

View Detailed
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language that provides concrete methods for analyzing discourse. According to the SFL model, all languages have formed into three summed-up implications: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational function is concerned with the representation of experience, the interpersonal function is concerned with the negotiation of social relations, and the textual function is concerned with the organization of discourse. The SFL model emphasizes the importance of context in the analysis of discourse, and it provides a framework for analyzing the ways in which language is used to create meaning in social contexts



The logic of discourse in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) is based on the assumption that language is a social semiotic system that is organized by choices at different levels of abstraction. SFL proposes that discourse can be analyzed in terms of three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Each metafunction corresponds to a different aspect of meaning: the representation of experience, the expression of stance and attitude, and the organization of information. SFL also distinguishes between different strata of language: context, semantics, lexicogrammar, and phonology/graphology. Discourse analysis within SFL involves relating the choices made at the semantic stratum to the contextual features that motivate them, as well as to the lexicogrammatical and phonological/graphological resources that realize them.


There are various models of discourse analysis within SFL that focus on different semantic systems and their relations to context and text. Some of the most influential models are Hasan's register analysis, Gregory's phase analysis, Martin's discourse semantics, Mann, Thompson, and Matthiessen's rhetorical structure theory, and Matthiessen's appliable discourse analysis. These models differ in their scope, methodology, and theoretical assumptions, but they share a common interest in exploring how language users make meaning through choices in discourse. SFL also offers a framework for multimodal discourse analysis, which extends the systemic functional approach to other semiotic resources such as images, sounds, gestures, and actions.


SFL's logic of discourse is not without its challenges and criticisms. Some of the issues that have been raised include the complexity and diversity of the models, the lack of empirical validation and generalization, the textualist orientation and neglect of sociolinguistic factors, and the limited engagement with other approaches to discourse analysis. Despite these limitations, SFL remains a powerful and productive theory for understanding how language works as a social semiotic system in discourse.





I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
Received message. Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is a theory of language that considers language as a social semiotic system that is used for meaning-making in social contexts. SFL has a particular focus on discourse analysis and provides a framework for analyzing social context as well as discourse. SFL proposes that language is organized into three main metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational metafunction refers to how language is used to represent experience and construct meanings about the world. The interpersonal metafunction refers to how language is used to enact social relationships and negotiate meaning between speakers. The textual metafunction refers to how language is used to create coherent texts that are appropriate for specific contexts. Discourse semantics in SFL refers to the study of how meaning is constructed through discourse, including how speakers use language to negotiate meaning and construct social relationships. Discourse semantics includes systems such as negotiation, appraisal, conjunction, ideation, identification, and periodicity. These systems are positioned within the overall architecture of SFL in terms of stratification and metafunction. I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.

Learn more:


2 million people have already chosen AdSense

 2 million people have already chosen AdSense



here's why:

Earn from your site, Earn from your site

Millions of advertisers compete for your ad space. That means more money, more relevant ads, and more ad space filled.

Improve your user experience, Ads are optimized for mobile

Google can optimize the size of your ad units to automatically adapt to desktop or mobile, which means there's more opportunities for those ad units to be seen and clicked.

Saving time

Add just one piece of code to your site and Google will automatically show ads that match your site's layout, saving you time as you don't have to make many changes to your ad code.

BOOST INCOME

See your earning potential from AdSense. Select your site category and site visitor region to see your earning potential.

BENEFIT 1

Only the highest-paying ads will be shown

Increase your revenue by leveraging the largest network of online advertisers bidding on your ad space.

The right ad for your audience

Ads are curated to ensure they are of high quality and relevant to your content or audience, even when viewed from smartphones and tablets. The result? You can increase your income online.

BENEFIT 2

You are in control

Block ads you don't like, customize where ads appear, and choose the type of ad that best fits your site.

Benefit 3 

"You only need to place a small amount of AdSense code onto your site, and it works immediately after"  Jack Herrick, Founder, and CEO of WikiHow.

Promoting a World Englishes Perspective through Podcasts

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Promoting a World Englishes Perspective through Podcasts | ELT Journal | Oxford Academic (oup.com)
Promoting a World Englishes Perspective through Podcasts 
Hanung Triyoko, Tabitha Kidwell
ELT Journal, ccad002, 
https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccad002
Published:
06 April 2023

Extract

As the most widely studied and spoken language worldwide, English is a medium of communication between speakers of varied language backgrounds. Global English users need not converge on any one variety; rather, they need adaptive, flexible skills that support communication with speakers of diverse World English (WE) varieties (Kirkpartick 2007). Nevertheless, many English learners and teachers around the world continue to adhere to ‘native speaker’1 models that prioritize language varieties from English-dominant nations, such as the United States or the United Kingdom (Tseng 2019). We have encountered this perspective first-hand in our work in Indonesia.

Hanung has taught English and trained teachers at an Islamic University in Central Java for over twenty years. Tabitha has nearly twenty years of experience in ELT, including three years as a visiting instructor at Hanung’s institution. Among the students and teachers we have worked with in Central Java, the dominant language learning model is the ‘native English speaker’. For instance, on a survey given to our first-year English-major students, 81 percent reported wanting to ‘sound like a native speaker’. To challenge this tendency, Simanjuntak and Lien (2021) encourage the use of materials from global and local language communities. Using diverse listening materials can help students understand a wide variety of language varieties and accents and adapt to dialects they have never encountered before. We found podcasts, free audio recordings which are automatically delivered to users’ devices, to be a particularly rich and convenient source of listening materials featuring WE speakers. In the sections below, we describe our teaching context and use of podcasts. We close by discussing how our approach could transfer to other contexts where students and teachers continue to aspire to ‘native speaker’ models, and offer recommendations for teachers interested in shifting to a WE approach and exposing students to varied linguistic norms through podcasts.
Promoting a World Englishes Perspective through Podcasts | ELT Journal | Oxford Academic (oup.com)

Issue Section: The View From Here